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In linguistic morphology, the term bracketing paradox refers to morphologically complex words which have more than one analysis, or ''bracketing'', e.g., one for phonology and one for semantics, and the two are not compatible, or brackets do not align. One type of a bracketing paradox found in English is exemplified by words like ''unhappier'' or ''uneasier''.〔Pesetsky, D. 1985. "Morphology and logical form." ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 16:193-246.〕 The synthetic comparative suffix ''-er'' generally occurs with monosyllabic adjectives and a small class of disyllabic adjectives with the primary (and only) stress on the first syllable. Other adjectives take the analytic comparative ''more''. Thus, we have ''older'' and ''grumpier'', but ''more correct'' and ''more restrictive''. From a phonological perspective, this suggests that a word like ''uneasier'' must be formed by combining the suffix ''er'' with the adjective ''easy'', since ''uneasy'' is a three syllable word: : However, ''uneasier'' means "more uneasy", not "not more easy". Thus, from a semantic perspective, ''uneasier'' must be a combination of ''er'' with the adjective ''uneasy'': : This, however, violates the morphophonological rules for the suffix ''-er''. Phenomena such as this have been argued to represent a mismatch between different levels of grammatical structure.〔Sproat, R. 1988. "Bracketing paradoxes, cliticization, and other topics: The mapping between syntactic and phonological structure." In Everaert et al. (eds), ''Morphology and Modularity.'' Amsterdam: North-Holland.〕 Another type of English bracketing paradox is found in compound words that are a name for a professional of a particular discipline, preceded by a modifier that narrows that discipline: ''nuclear physicist'', ''historical linguist'', ''political scientist'', etc.〔Williams, E. 1981. "On the notions 'lexically related' and 'head of a word.'" ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 12:245-274.〕〔Spencer, A. 1988. "Bracketing paradoxes and the English lexicon." ''Language'' 64:663-682.〕 Taking ''nuclear physicist'' as an example, we see that there are at least two reasonable ways that the compound word can be bracketed (ignoring the fact that ''nuclear'' itself is morphologically complex): # - one who studies physics, and who happens also to be nuclear (phonological bracketing) # - one who studies nuclear physics, a subfield of physics that deals with nuclear phenomena (semantic bracketing) What is interesting to many morphologists about this type of bracketing paradox in English is that the correct bracketing 2 (correct in the sense that this is the way that a native speaker would understand it) does not follow the usual bracketing pattern 1 typical for most compound words in English. == Proposed solutions == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bracketing paradox」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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